To which point in time can you recover a database if the only intact data is from a log storage, with a full backup from 9 hours ago and an incremental backup from 4 hours ago?

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The ability to recover a database using logs, combined with full and incremental backups, hinges on the transactional nature of the log storage. When only log data is available, the recovery process can leverage this information to restore the database to the last committed transaction.

Since the full backup was taken 9 hours ago, and an incremental backup was made 4 hours ago, the system can merge the changes captured by the incremental backup with the log entries that have recorded activity since that last successful backup point. As logs can capture every committed transaction up until the last point before failure, the recovery can thus be pushed right up to the last committed transaction that occurred before the log data became the only remaining resource. This would typically mean you would not lose any confirmed changes made to the database.

The other options reference different points in time but do not take into account the full capability of log-based recovery, which specifically allows restoration to the most recent confirmed changes. Therefore, recovering the database to the last committed transaction is the most accurate statement regarding the extent of recovery possible given the data at hand.

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